The history of Burmese education is very interesting. In the year of 1948, when Burma achieved independence, the government attempted to increase the number of educated and literate population in Burma. Burma was very much believed to be on its way. The kingdom becomes the first Asian Tiger in the region.
In the year of 1962 military dictatorship took hold in Burma and the place became an impoverished and isolated nation. Most of the schools were nationalized. Eventually education standards start falling.
During the socialist regime in Burma, many changes happened in education systems. And because of this continuous changes Burma government uses different schools as propaganda machines.
In Burma different universities were closed for about 2 years because of the students’ protest of 8888 Uprising. Since 1990s, as because the new education system was weak it faced crisis to universities’ clash. They eventually set up a six months term for an academic year.
Irregular starting dates for the sessions for different colleges and universities were set by the SPDC government. In 1996 and 1998 another series of students’ strike had taken place that led to another three years of closure.
In 1999, again all colleges and universities were re-opened. Some relative ministries relocated some of the universities. In some new system of education, the university term was shortened by one year. The bachelor degree was for three year. In spite of the early disturbances the education system improved rapidly. The year 2005 was very important for Burmese as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs formally announced that education in Burma was reaching an international standard. The Government had entitled to 156 universities and also colleges in Myanmar.
In present day Myanmar is not up to the mark regarding educational standards. The place has well-trained qualified teachers but the resources are very little. Many universities are scattered here and there in the whole city. But unfortunately the students attending these universities cannot write freely, speak freely, or publish freely.
Hierarchy of Burmese education
Burmese education has different age group for different class. Some of them are mentioned below:
Preschool and Kindergarten: In Burma preschools are opened for children. Children should be over 2 years of age. They are in constant and extensive care or public systems. From the age of 5, kindergarten starts from the age of 5. The students should not be younger than 4 Years and 8 months at the commencement date of school. Department of Basic Education takes care of the Primary, Lower Secondary and Upper Secondary Schools in Burma. 1st of June is the official beginning date for those schools.
Primary education: In Burma primary education is formally mandatory. But in many cases it has been seen that many children do not attend. Primary education lasts for five years. To continue to the secondary school, students should pass a comprehensive examination of some of the basic subjects.
Lower secondary education: In Burma secondary education is divided into Middle Schools and High Schools. Middle Schools start from standards 6 and continued till 8. After passing the Basic Education i.e. Standard VIII Examination, students continue on High Schools. High school start at nine and continued till ten. After class ten, students have to pass the Basic Education Standard X Examination. It is popularly known as matriculation exam. This should be to get the diplomas. The students, who pass six subjects with significantly higher scores, continue their tertiary education at the Mandalay or Magway or in the Institutes of Medicine in Yangon. The matriculation passed students either receive Diploma A or Diploma B. Diploma A students are allowed to continue their educations at further level i.e. university.
Some of the secondary schools are usually combined. They contain both middle and high schools. Most of the time children of military man or those who have the military connections are given easier admission to the important secondary schools.
Preschool and Kindergarten: In Burma preschools are opened for children. Children should be over 2 years of age. They are in constant and extensive care or public systems. From the age of 5, kindergarten starts from the age of 5. The students should not be younger than 4 Years and 8 months at the commencement date of school. Department of Basic Education takes care of the Primary, Lower Secondary and Upper Secondary Schools in Burma. 1st of June is the official beginning date for those schools.
Primary education: In Burma primary education is formally mandatory. But in many cases it has been seen that many children do not attend. Primary education lasts for five years. To continue to the secondary school, students should pass a comprehensive examination of some of the basic subjects.
Lower secondary education: In Burma secondary education is divided into Middle Schools and High Schools. Middle Schools start from standards 6 and continued till 8. After passing the Basic Education i.e. Standard VIII Examination, students continue on High Schools. High school start at nine and continued till ten. After class ten, students have to pass the Basic Education Standard X Examination. It is popularly known as matriculation exam. This should be to get the diplomas. The students, who pass six subjects with significantly higher scores, continue their tertiary education at the Mandalay or Magway or in the Institutes of Medicine in Yangon. The matriculation passed students either receive Diploma A or Diploma B. Diploma A students are allowed to continue their educations at further level i.e. university.
Some of the secondary schools are usually combined. They contain both middle and high schools. Most of the time children of military man or those who have the military connections are given easier admission to the important secondary schools.
Education system in Burma
The Ministry of Education operates the total educational system of Burma. There are numerous Universities and professional institutes situated in upper Burma and lower Burma. These are run by two separate entities. The headquarters of the Departments of Higher Education are based in Yangon and Mandalay correspondingly. Burma’s education system is based on the United Kingdom’s system. This is because of the reason that British and Christian were present nearly a century in Burma. Most of the schools are government-operated. But very recently, privately funded schools have increased in numbers. All of private schools are specialized in English. Until the end of elementary school, study or schooling is mandatory. The age limit can be given as 9 years. At international level the mandatory schooling age is 15 or 16.
In the year 2005, according to UNESCO Institute of Statistics, the literacy rate of Burma stands at 89.7%. Out of which male education rate is 93.7% while female education rate is 86.2%. There are some sorts of disputes over the accuracy of the given literacy rates. The government allocate low annual budget to education. On education only 1.2% is spent per year. In most of the schools English is taught as a second language from preschool level.
La Salle school is a foreign high school in Burma. Many such early foreign high schools those were there since 1860 were nationalized on 1st April in 1965. General Ne Win ordered this to the Burmese. But in many cases its monopoly still remains accepted.
In the year 2005, according to UNESCO Institute of Statistics, the literacy rate of Burma stands at 89.7%. Out of which male education rate is 93.7% while female education rate is 86.2%. There are some sorts of disputes over the accuracy of the given literacy rates. The government allocate low annual budget to education. On education only 1.2% is spent per year. In most of the schools English is taught as a second language from preschool level.
La Salle school is a foreign high school in Burma. Many such early foreign high schools those were there since 1860 were nationalized on 1st April in 1965. General Ne Win ordered this to the Burmese. But in many cases its monopoly still remains accepted.
Education in Vietnam
Vietnam is still a poor country. Its per capita income is also very low. Even after so many years in war, Vietnam has continuously recorded its great accomplishments in education. In the year 1997, more or less 22 million pupils were there in all over the country. Out of which 13.2 million were in primary schools and that accounted for 58%, 4.3 million were in secondary schools, and not less than 26,000 in colleges and other universities.
In Vietnam, the literacy rate is really high and it is almost 92% of the whole population. Nearly 8% are illiteracy. Out of this calculation 80% living in remote areas while 60% are female members of the society. In the last two years assigned state budget for education has been considerably increased. It takes about 10% of the total amount. 70% - 80% of the total amount was used for paying monthly salary to different teachers.
The private sector took not less than 40% of total direct expenses. The largest part was spent for the kindergarten education. For primary schools the basic expenditure took about 50%, some of the specialized secondary school took about 19% and some professional and vocational schools took 12% of the total expenses.
Vietnam has some skilled and well trained works. Besides that some world-wide renowned scientists are also present n Vietnam. The names can be mentioned as Nguyen Van Hieu, Mr. Ton That Tung, Mr. Tran Dai Nghia, etc. The communist party as well as Vietnamese government offered great attention to education.
But despite of all these factors, the Vietnamese Education System is still facing some unavoidable difficulties. Many of the schools are there where learning equipments are properly updated. Teachers are also not suitably educated in some cases. Millions of children are still out of school. It is advisable to give proper education training facility.
In Vietnam, the literacy rate is really high and it is almost 92% of the whole population. Nearly 8% are illiteracy. Out of this calculation 80% living in remote areas while 60% are female members of the society. In the last two years assigned state budget for education has been considerably increased. It takes about 10% of the total amount. 70% - 80% of the total amount was used for paying monthly salary to different teachers.
The private sector took not less than 40% of total direct expenses. The largest part was spent for the kindergarten education. For primary schools the basic expenditure took about 50%, some of the specialized secondary school took about 19% and some professional and vocational schools took 12% of the total expenses.
Vietnam has some skilled and well trained works. Besides that some world-wide renowned scientists are also present n Vietnam. The names can be mentioned as Nguyen Van Hieu, Mr. Ton That Tung, Mr. Tran Dai Nghia, etc. The communist party as well as Vietnamese government offered great attention to education.
But despite of all these factors, the Vietnamese Education System is still facing some unavoidable difficulties. Many of the schools are there where learning equipments are properly updated. Teachers are also not suitably educated in some cases. Millions of children are still out of school. It is advisable to give proper education training facility.
International schools in Vietnam
There are some schools in Vietnam that offer Education in English. The programs vary from the International Baccalaureate i.e. I.B. programme. These eventually include PYP, MYP and Diploma to the British GCSE and GCE examination systems. It should be noted that it is essential for all schools to suit the requirements of the Vietnamese national system. In Vietnam, about 94 percent of the total population aged 15 and over is literate. Education is normally free in the kingdom and is also compulsory for 5 years of primary school. It can be assured that almost all the students receive primary schooling. Less than half of young Vietnamese get a secondary education. They received partly education because there are some shortages of adequate facilities. The difference can be seen more in the mountainous areas.
In the year 1993 the government restructured higher education and this has been done to improve the system’s overall ability to educate students. The other purpose was to train them to meet the changing needs of the labor market. In 2000–2001 in Vietnam only ten percent of the people of relevant age were anticipated to attend schools of higher education.
In Vietnam major universities are situated in Da Nang, Hanoi, Thai Nguyen, Hue, and Ho Chi Minh City. Some of the provincial capitals have smaller institutes as well.
In the year 1993 the government restructured higher education and this has been done to improve the system’s overall ability to educate students. The other purpose was to train them to meet the changing needs of the labor market. In 2000–2001 in Vietnam only ten percent of the people of relevant age were anticipated to attend schools of higher education.
In Vietnam major universities are situated in Da Nang, Hanoi, Thai Nguyen, Hue, and Ho Chi Minh City. Some of the provincial capitals have smaller institutes as well.
Some points to know about Vietnamese schools
In Vietnam children go to school six days in a week. Monday to Saturday everyday they have to attend schools. The school day is four hours long. The working months of schools starts from September through May. Children are usually expected to attend school regularly with enough seriousness. All children should learn how to write and read. The usual subjects for study are literature, science, math and geography. The students are taught traditional manners and customs that include social skills. Respect for their family, elders and community is also included in the list.
Most of the school takes a beginners test. The students are called by the teachers to stand and answer a question accordingly. Students have to sit together and listen what their teachers says. Saturday is usually a review day. This is done by the students as they have to stand and tell the teacher about their leanings in the week.
In Vietnam students do not get grades on a report card. They are usually ranked first, second, third and so on. The class ranks can be named as Hoa, Chi Hai, Quang, Khuoi, Anh and Dieu. The students must wear uniforms in school. Some of the schools are really overcrowded as there are many children in Vietnam. You won’t get any sports equipments or extra curricular activity in Vietnamese schools.
Students are always encouraged to stay physically fit. Everyday during recess the students have to exercise by practicing gymnastics for ten minutes. All the students are divided into clean-up groups. On the specific day they come to school early in the morning to sweep rooms. They have to clean chalkboards and also empty the trash.
Some of the children in rural areas do not go to school. The reason is they have to work to help their families. The Vietnamese are trying to set up schools for those students.
Most of the school takes a beginners test. The students are called by the teachers to stand and answer a question accordingly. Students have to sit together and listen what their teachers says. Saturday is usually a review day. This is done by the students as they have to stand and tell the teacher about their leanings in the week.
In Vietnam students do not get grades on a report card. They are usually ranked first, second, third and so on. The class ranks can be named as Hoa, Chi Hai, Quang, Khuoi, Anh and Dieu. The students must wear uniforms in school. Some of the schools are really overcrowded as there are many children in Vietnam. You won’t get any sports equipments or extra curricular activity in Vietnamese schools.
Students are always encouraged to stay physically fit. Everyday during recess the students have to exercise by practicing gymnastics for ten minutes. All the students are divided into clean-up groups. On the specific day they come to school early in the morning to sweep rooms. They have to clean chalkboards and also empty the trash.
Some of the children in rural areas do not go to school. The reason is they have to work to help their families. The Vietnamese are trying to set up schools for those students.
Girl education in Cambodia
In today’s world education for both male and female sex is very essential. But most importantly to fight with odds in the society, girls should educate themselves. The poverty and sexual exploitation can be stopped by giving proper education the female folk of the society. In Cambodia many instances are there where we can see that the girls are prohibited to attend school and achieve proper education.
As for example I can mention one girl’s story. Seng Srey Mach was fifteen years old who had to drop out of school for two years. At that time she had to work in the fields and the reason was her mother was ill and too weak to work. While in school Seng Srey Mach always stood first and for her not going to school was like a curse. She even used to cry at times after seeing her friends going to school.
Seng Srey lives with her mother in Prey Veng Province in Cambodia. That’s a poverty-stricken area and people are always worried about their livelihood. But some years back OPTIONS, i.e. a programme run by the United States Department of Labour and World Education with financial support from UNICEF has been started in the area. This organization gave scholarship to Seng Srey after which she started attending her classes at Dey Thoy School in Bung Preah Commune.
An OPTIONS scholarship is a good opportunity for the girl students in that area. After getting this scholarship girl are at least risks of dropping out in schools. They can continue their studies in primary and lower secondary school. In Prey Veng many families are forced to transmigrate to escape the affect of persistent drought and floods. The OPTIONS scholarships also help and protect girls from being sexually exploited.
In Cambodia thirty per cent of sex workers are under 18 years of age. The negative points are minimum educational qualification and lack of vocational skills. Option is really trying hard to overcome both.
As for example I can mention one girl’s story. Seng Srey Mach was fifteen years old who had to drop out of school for two years. At that time she had to work in the fields and the reason was her mother was ill and too weak to work. While in school Seng Srey Mach always stood first and for her not going to school was like a curse. She even used to cry at times after seeing her friends going to school.
Seng Srey lives with her mother in Prey Veng Province in Cambodia. That’s a poverty-stricken area and people are always worried about their livelihood. But some years back OPTIONS, i.e. a programme run by the United States Department of Labour and World Education with financial support from UNICEF has been started in the area. This organization gave scholarship to Seng Srey after which she started attending her classes at Dey Thoy School in Bung Preah Commune.
An OPTIONS scholarship is a good opportunity for the girl students in that area. After getting this scholarship girl are at least risks of dropping out in schools. They can continue their studies in primary and lower secondary school. In Prey Veng many families are forced to transmigrate to escape the affect of persistent drought and floods. The OPTIONS scholarships also help and protect girls from being sexually exploited.
In Cambodia thirty per cent of sex workers are under 18 years of age. The negative points are minimum educational qualification and lack of vocational skills. Option is really trying hard to overcome both.
Private Education in Cambodia
Education system is more or less good in Cambodia. In this place for a segment of the urban population, private education was very important. The time was in the years before the communist takeover. Some of the ethnic or religious minorities operate some private schools. The religious minorities are Vietnamese, Chinese, Roman Catholic, European, and Muslim. The main purpose of this action was the children could study their own language, religion and culture.
Some of the other schools are there that provide education to indigenous children. They include the students who could not gain admission to a public school. There are some private schools in Phnom Penh, whose attendance conferred a certain amount of prestige on the student.
French-language schools, Chinese-language schools, English-language schools, Vietnamese-language i.e. often Roman Catholic schools and Khmer language schools are included in the private educational system. In 1960s the enrollment in private primary schools was 32,000 whereas in 1970s it raised up to 53,500. But it can also be seen that enrollment in private secondary schools dropped from about 19,000 to fewer than 8,700 for the same period. In the year of 1962 there were 195 Chinese schools, 15 Vietnamese schools, 40 Khmer schools, and 14 French schools. All of these are operating in Cambodia. Several high schools are there that represent private secondary education. One important name can be mentioned as Lycée Descartes in Phnom Penh.
In 1970 government closed more or less all of the Vietnamese schools in Phnom Penh. Some of the Chinese schools were closed. In 1987 information wise there were no private schools in the PRK. But it has been seen that some private institutions were there in foreign languages.
Some of the other schools are there that provide education to indigenous children. They include the students who could not gain admission to a public school. There are some private schools in Phnom Penh, whose attendance conferred a certain amount of prestige on the student.
French-language schools, Chinese-language schools, English-language schools, Vietnamese-language i.e. often Roman Catholic schools and Khmer language schools are included in the private educational system. In 1960s the enrollment in private primary schools was 32,000 whereas in 1970s it raised up to 53,500. But it can also be seen that enrollment in private secondary schools dropped from about 19,000 to fewer than 8,700 for the same period. In the year of 1962 there were 195 Chinese schools, 15 Vietnamese schools, 40 Khmer schools, and 14 French schools. All of these are operating in Cambodia. Several high schools are there that represent private secondary education. One important name can be mentioned as Lycée Descartes in Phnom Penh.
In 1970 government closed more or less all of the Vietnamese schools in Phnom Penh. Some of the Chinese schools were closed. In 1987 information wise there were no private schools in the PRK. But it has been seen that some private institutions were there in foreign languages.
Mission of Cambodia Education Organization or CEO
Cambodia Education Organization is non profitable, non religious and private organization mainly established to help children in Tang Kroes village and Krang Levea Commune in Kampong Chhnang Province. Total population of the Krang Levea village is nearly 5000 people. In the northwest of Phnom Penh, the capital of Cambodia, the Kampong Chhnang Province is located.
The main mission of Cambodia Education Organization or CEO can be mentioned as:
Cambodia Education Organization assists students to build good relationships with US students through correspondence. It also helped the students to expose to higher technology education. The students really get good opportunity while come under this organization.
Cambodia Education Organization always encourages students to get rid of bad habits such as drinking, smoking and gambling. These are not allowed in and out of the area of the CEO facility. Especially when the students are out in any public areas they are not at allowed to take all these tobacco.
The organization helps students to learn computer skills and English in the district.
Cambodia Education Organization gives stress in practicing self-discipline in school attendance and also in study habits. As a whole a student should behave properly with due respect for the elders.
It tries to teach youths to understand good advice. It also suggests the students to stay out of trouble and lead a good life. it is also a mission to build new libraries for general public education where students will be exposed to many new books and that will enlightens their mind and soul.
They provide school supplies and computers. The textbooks are used to study English while knowledge of computer is also provided.
One of the missions is to provide meals before school. It also provide personal hygiene supplies and some basic medicine to students. It offers humanitarian assistance to elderly and handicapped widows. The orphans and malnourished infants are also included in the list.
The main mission of Cambodia Education Organization or CEO can be mentioned as:
Cambodia Education Organization assists students to build good relationships with US students through correspondence. It also helped the students to expose to higher technology education. The students really get good opportunity while come under this organization.
Cambodia Education Organization always encourages students to get rid of bad habits such as drinking, smoking and gambling. These are not allowed in and out of the area of the CEO facility. Especially when the students are out in any public areas they are not at allowed to take all these tobacco.
The organization helps students to learn computer skills and English in the district.
Cambodia Education Organization gives stress in practicing self-discipline in school attendance and also in study habits. As a whole a student should behave properly with due respect for the elders.
It tries to teach youths to understand good advice. It also suggests the students to stay out of trouble and lead a good life. it is also a mission to build new libraries for general public education where students will be exposed to many new books and that will enlightens their mind and soul.
They provide school supplies and computers. The textbooks are used to study English while knowledge of computer is also provided.
One of the missions is to provide meals before school. It also provide personal hygiene supplies and some basic medicine to students. It offers humanitarian assistance to elderly and handicapped widows. The orphans and malnourished infants are also included in the list.
Cambodia Education Organization in Cambodia
The Cambodia Education Organization popularly known as CEO is a non-profit, private, non-religious, non-political organization. This is established to help and also educate children in Krang Levea Commune in Kampong Chhnang Province and Tang Kroes village. These two villages are not less than two kilometers apart. 5000 people are living in the village namely Krang Levea. The Kampong Chhnang Province is located just northwest of Phnom Penh. Phnom Penh is the capital of Cambodia.
In the year of 2001, eight people become involved in various humanitarian projects. They decided to organize themselves as the Cambodia Education Organization or CEO. Among eight members five were from Cambodia and three of them were from United States. They actively volunteered to begin the group. In today’s’ date Cambodia Education Organization remains a direct and small organization. This is a person- to- person charity effort and really effective. In the future we can hope that the organization may broaden the scope of its work. For the moment, the participants are more or less happy to be helping in a focused effort. In these cases the results are easy to monitor. The benefits to the community are also clear. So, if any has a good intention of serving the nation and make it educated, he or she can definitely join the organization.
Cambodia Education Organization or CEO Overview:
Cambodia Education Organization gets funds from some generous contributions provided by Mike and Connie Dollaghan. Some of the other private donors are there. They are living in and around Colorado, Longmont, and also USA. The active members of the organization live in United States and also Cambodia. If you really want to be a part of the organization by sponsoring or donating something, come forward and help them. Websites are there to help you with more information.
In the year of 2001, eight people become involved in various humanitarian projects. They decided to organize themselves as the Cambodia Education Organization or CEO. Among eight members five were from Cambodia and three of them were from United States. They actively volunteered to begin the group. In today’s’ date Cambodia Education Organization remains a direct and small organization. This is a person- to- person charity effort and really effective. In the future we can hope that the organization may broaden the scope of its work. For the moment, the participants are more or less happy to be helping in a focused effort. In these cases the results are easy to monitor. The benefits to the community are also clear. So, if any has a good intention of serving the nation and make it educated, he or she can definitely join the organization.
Cambodia Education Organization or CEO Overview:
Cambodia Education Organization gets funds from some generous contributions provided by Mike and Connie Dollaghan. Some of the other private donors are there. They are living in and around Colorado, Longmont, and also USA. The active members of the organization live in United States and also Cambodia. If you really want to be a part of the organization by sponsoring or donating something, come forward and help them. Websites are there to help you with more information.
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